Hydraulic machine



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ISL-ER INVENT GRANT C. WH

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Oct. 11, 1938. c, w s I 2,132,504

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HYDRAULIC MACHINE Filed Feb. 17, 1938 11 Sheets-Sheet s INVENTOR 7 GRANTC.WHISLER ATTORNEY Oct. 11, '1938. G. c. WHISLER 2,132,504

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' ATTORNEY Oct. 11, 1938. G. c. WHISLER 2,132,504

7 HYDRAULIC MACHINE I Filed Feb. 17, 193a I 11 Sheets-Sheet 1o ATTORNEYOct. 11, 1938. G. c. WHISLER 2,132,504

I I HYDRAULIC MACHINE Filed Feb. 1'7, 1938, ll Sheets-Sheet 11 INVENTORATTORNEY Patented Oct. 11, 1938 UNITED STATES HYDRAULIC MACHINE Grant 0.Whisler, York, Pa., assignor to S. Morgan Smith Company, York, Pa., acorporation oi Pennsylvania Application February 17, 1938, Serial No.191,095

41 Claims.

This invention relates to improvements in hydraulic machines and moreparticularly to hydraulic turbines of the type wherein the blades of therunner are adjustable to vary their angle and the area of the wateropening through the runner to correspond with the angle and opening ofthe wicket gates or guide vanes which control the admission of water tothe runner.

An object of the invention is to provide an improved adjustable bladehydraulic turbine having a control mechanism in which means are providedby which the operating mechanism for the runner blades is electricallyactuated under the control of the wicket gate controlling means,

so that when the wicket gates are adjusted, the relative position of therunner blades will also be correspondingly adjusted and thereby maintaina definite relationship between the angle or position of the wicketgates and the angle or position of the runner blades at all times.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved hydraulicturbine of the above type in which the runner blade adjusting mechanismis operated by an electric motor which is, during the normal operationof the turbine, under the control of self-synchronous electrical devicesassociated with the wicket gate controlling mechanism.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved electricalsystem for controlling the operation of adjustable blade hydraulicturbines which can be installed in existing turbine settings of thefixed blade or propeller type, without changes in the generatorequipment or turbine setting.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved control systemfor adjustable blade hydraulic turbines which is adapted to be combinedwith a standard turbine governor mechanism without the necessity ofchanging the governor or increasing the cost. thereof.

Another object of the invention is to provid an improved control systemfor hydraulic machines. of the type having adjustable runner blades andmovable wicket gates and governor mechanism, for varying the positionsof the runner blades and the wicket gates in accordance with variationsin load so that the runner blades are correspondingly positioned withrespect to the wicket .gates during operation of the hydraulic machine,wherein means are provided by which the runner blades can be movedindependently oi any movement of the governor from closed position whenthe hydraulic machine is idle and set at a desired position preparatoryto starting up the machine and the governor can be manually actuated toshift the position of the wicket gates from closed position to aposition corresponding with the runner blades as the runner attainsspeed.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved hydraulicmachine of the character mentioned, which is simple in construction, andreliable and exact in function under all conditions of service.

The invention also comprises certain new and useful improvements in theconstruction, arrangement and combination of the several parts of whichit is composed, as will be hereinafter more fully described and claimed.

In the accompanying drawings:

Figure 1 is a side elevation, partly in "section, of a hydraulic machinehaving a runner of the adjustable blade type and embodying bladeadjusting and controlling means according to the present invention;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged vertical section of the lower end of the runnershaft, showing the construction of the parts within the hub of therunner;

' Figs. 3. 4 and 5 are vertical sections on an enlarged scale of themechanism at the upper end Fig. 13 is a diagrammatic view of theautomatic electric control system shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 14 is an enlarged diagrammatic view of the magnetic reversingswitch'device shown in Fig. 13; and

Fig. 15 is a diagrammatic view of a manually operated electrical controlsystem.

Referring to the drawings, and especially to Fig. 1, the improvedhydraulic turbine comprises a casing H which forms a peripheral waterinlet in which are mounted an annular series of movable wicket gates l2and an annular series of stationary guide vanes l3, the guide vanessurrounding the wicket gates.

Projecting from the wicket gates l2, are shafts l4 which are journalledin suitable bearings carried by the casing II and terminate a suitabledistance thereabove.

The wicket gates I2 are adapted to be rotated simultaneously intodifferent angular positions to control the flow of water into thehydraulic turbine in a well-known manner, and for this purpose the upperends of the shafts H are usually provided with gate operating arms l5which are fixed to said shafts and operatively connected to a gateadjusting ring IS.

The gate adjusting ring I5 is connected by link means I! to a shaft 18which is usually vertically disposed, as shown at the right in Fig. 1.

Fixed to the upper end of the shaft I8, is an arm l9 which is connectedby links 20 to a cross head 241 of a governor 2|, (see Figs. 1, 8, 11and 13).

If so desired, the governor 2i may be of the usual type employed withhydraulic machines to adjust the gates thereof and thereby maintain theturbine at its rated speed notwithstanding variations in the loadthereon.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 11, the governor 2| includes in its constructiona hand wheel 39 by which the governor can be manually operated in wellknown manner to effect adjustment of the relative positions of thewicket gates 12 preparatory to starting the hydraulic turbine, as willbe hereinafter more fully described.

The governor hand wheel 39 is mounted on a shaft 240 carrying aneccentric 2 and a worm gear 242. The eccentric 24l is adapted to movethe gear 242- into and out of meshing relationship with a worm gear 243.The worm gear 243 is fixed to a shaft 244 extending transversely of thegovernor, said shaft having also fixed thereon a pinion gear 245. Theteeth of the gear 245 are in meshing relationship'with teeth 245 formedon the cross head 241. The cross head 24'! is slidably mounted in thehousing of the governor 2|, one end of the cross head 24! beingconnected to the links 20. The opposite end of said cross head isconnected to the rod 248 of the main governor piston 249. The piston 249functions as a servo motor for automatically operating the wicket gatesl2 in accordance with changes in load, and fluid under pressure isadapted to be supplied by suitable mechanism (not shown) to the cylinder25!] through ports 25! and 252, connected respectively, to the chamberson opposite sides of the piston 249.

The lower end of the casing H forms an axially directed chamber 22 inwhich the runner 23 operates.

As shown in Fig. 2, the hub of the runner 23 is fixed to the lower endof a hollow or tubular shaft 24 which extends upwardly through thecasing I I in the usual manner.

The upper end of the runner shaft 24 is connected to the lower end of atubular casing 40, the upper end of said casing being connected to theshaft 25 of an electric generator 26 which is mounted in superposedposition above the hydraulic turbine, as shown in Fig. 1.

Any suitable type of setting may be used, a concrete setting 21 beingshown in the present instance. This setting forms a scroll case 28 whichsurrounds the turbine inlet and is connected to receive water from aflume or other source of supply. The portion of the setting below therunner forms a draft tube 23 into 'hub of the runner 23.

which the water is discharged. The electrical generator 25 may rest onthe top of the setting as shown.

As shown in Fig. 2, a suitable number of blades 30 are rotatablysupported in the hub of the runner 23 and project radially therefrom. Inthe present instance four blades are shown (see also Fig. 1).

The inner end of each blade 30 is formed with a trunnion 3| which isjournalled in bearings 32 and 33 supported in the hub. The constructionis such that the blades are rotatable into different angularrelationships with the axis of the runner.

Means are provided for simultaneously rotating all of the blades 30 andfor maintaining them in equal angular relationships, such meanscomprising preferably an arm 34 rigidly fixed on the trunnion 3| of eachblade and links 35 which pivotally connect each arm 34 to a cross head36. The cross head 36 is guided to reciprocate in a direction axially ofthe runner by guide pins 31 which are mounted in the hub of the runnerin the manner shown in Fig. 2.

It will be understood that the relative positions of the blades 30governs the area of the water passage or openings between the blades,and that when the blades are rotated, the area of the water passages isincreased or decreased depending upon the direction in which the bladesare moved.

As shown in Fig. l, a cap 38 is bolted or otherwise removably secured tothe lower end of the Since the hub of the runneris otherwise enclosedand the hub is hollow, the cap 38 provides a closed chamber or reservoirfor containing a supply of grease for lubricating the various workingparts of the mechanism contained within the hub of the runner.

In the usual construction of hydraulic turbines the runner shaft is madeof sufiicient length so that said shaft can be bolted directly to thelower end of the generator shaft. However, in the present instance, theshaft 24 is made comparatively short so that the elongated-tubularcasing 40 can be interposed between the shaft 24 and the generator shaft25. The casing 40 encloses elements, to be hereinafter described, foroperating the runner blade mechanism within the hub of the runner 23,and said casing is adapted to be bolted to the runner shaft 24 and thegenerator shaft 25 and thereby constitute a rotary portion of the mainshaft of the turbine. For convenience of manufacture the casing 40 iscomposed of two vertically divided sections, which sections are adaptedto be bolted together at intervals throughout their length, as shown inFigs. 3, 4, 6 and 7.

The casing 40 is constructed in such a manner that the elementscontained therein can be mounted on one half or one section of thecasing so that the other halfor section of the casing can be removedwithout dismantling any part of the turbine, the generator, shafts andmotor operating mechanism. In this way inspection, adjustment andreplacement of the parts within the casing 40 can be readilyaccomplished in a minimum amount of time.

As shown in Figs. 6 and '7, the casing 40 may have lower and upper inletand outlet vent openings 255 and 256, respectively, formed therein forinducing currents of air to flow through the interior of the casing whenthe runner is in operation, so as-to prevent overheating of the ele- Onthe other hand, as shown in Fig. 6, the wall 258 at the outlet opening256 is so formed as to permit the air to pass outwardly from theinterior of the casing.

The upper portion of the shaft 24 is enlarged,

' as indicated at 4|, Figs. 4 and 5. This enlarged portion of the shaft24 is secured to the lower portion of the casing 40 by a plurality ofbolts 42, as shown in Figs. 4, and '1. i

The lower portion of the generator shaft 25 is formed with a flange 43which is secured to the upper portion of the casing 48 by bolts 44, asshown in Fig. 3.

In this way rotation of the runner shaft 24 will be transmitted to theshaft 25 of the generator 26 by the casing 40'.

Disposed within the casing 48 is an electric motor 45 which is adapted,through mechanism to be hereinafter described, to operate the runnerblade adjusting mechanism in the hub of the runner 23. I

Since the runner blades are adjusted by slowly moving the cross head 36either upwardly or downwardly, and since it is of advantage to employ anelectric motor of standard design, which motors usually have acomparatively high speed, it is necessary to provide means in themechanism which is employed to operatively connect the electric motorwith the cross head 36, for reducing the speed from the motorsufficiently to effect the desired slow movement of the cross head 36. V

As shown in Fig. 2, the cross head 36 is bolted or otherwise fixed tothe lower end of an operating rod 46 which extends upwardly through thehollow runner shaft 24.

As shown in Fig. 5, the upper end of the rod 46 is fixed to aninternally threaded sleeve 41 which is slidably mounted in the bore ofthe runner shaft 24.

Fitted to the sleeve 41 is a screw 48, which is connected to the drivenmember 49 of a speed reducer 5,6.

As shown in Figs. 4 and '7, the speed reducer comprises a driving memberin the form of a shaft 5|, and the driven member 49.

The driving member or shaft 5|, which is connected to the shaft 52 ofthe motor 45 by a coupling 53, has an eccentric 54 thereon whichsupports a ball bearing or other anti-friction bearing 55.

The outer member or race of the ball bearing 55 is surrounded by aseries of radially disposed plungers 56. The inner ends of the plungers56 bear on the outer race of the bearing 55 and the outer ends of saidplungers are arranged to cooperate with teeth 51 formed concentricallywithin the outer or stationary member 58. Both ends of the plungers 56are bevelled, and the teeth 51 are bevelled.

The number of teeth 51 differs from the number of plungers 56 so thatrotation of the eccentric 54 will cause the plungers 56 to be forcedoutwardly in succession around the circular series of teeth 51 and inconsequence will cause the a member 56 which is fixed to the drivenmember 46 by pins 68 so that the creeping motion of said plungers aroundthe toothed interior of the stationary member 58 will be transmitted tothe driven member 49. The motion of the driving member 5| is'thustransmitted to the driven member 49, but at a great reduction in speedratio.

The speed reducer 50 is mounted between upper and lower supportingmembers 6| and 62, respectively, which are fixed within the casing 40 bybolts 63 attached to the enlarged portion 4| of the runner shaft 24, asshown in Fig. 4.

Upper and lower roller thrust bearings 64 and 65 are, respectively,provided for the speed reducer 50, and above the upper thrust bearing 64there is a ball bearing 66. The roller thrust bearings are adapted tocarry the forces imposed on the operating rod 46 by the runner blades.

The driving member of the speed reducer 50 is connected to the armatureor other rotating part (not shown) of the motor 45, so that the speedreducer will be actuated by said motor.

Since the driven member 49 of the speed reducer 58 and the screw 48 aredirectly connected together, the rod 46 will be operated by the sleeve41 to effect changes in the angular positions of the runner blades.

For the purpose of indicating the relative positions of the runnerblades, at a convenient point the runner shaft 24 is formed with anelongated slot 68 (see Figs. 1 and 5).

Disposed within the slot 68 is a pointed pin 69 which is fixed to theupper portion of the operating rod 46, In the present instance the pin69 is shown as being carried by the sleeve 41.

As shown in Fig. l the exterior of the runner shaft 24 adjacent to theslot 68 carries suitable marks for indicating the several angles ofrunner blade positions, as determined by the position of the pointedpin-- 69.

Preferably the electric motor is a threephase alternating currentinduction motor which is adapted to be supplied with electric currentfrom a main power line I25, I26 and I21, in such a manner that the motorwill operate in either direction. The electric circuit for conductinghigh voltage electric current to the motor 45 will be hereinafter fullydescribed.

When the motor 45 operates in one direction the screw 48 will, throughthe sleeve 41, cause a rectilinear movement of the rod 46 in onedirection, and when the motor 45 operates in the other direction, therod 46 will be moved in the opposite direction, due to the reversedmovements imparted to the screw 48 by the motor.

As shown by the arrow, Fig. 2, when the rod 46 moves upwardly, therunner blades 38 are moved towards closed position, and when the rod 46moves downwardly in a direction opposite to the arrow, Fig. 2, therunner blades 30 are moved toward open position.

The construction of the speed reducer 50, screw 48, and sleeve 41 issuch that, when the shaft 5| is rotated by the motor 45 in a clockwisedirection, the runner blades will be moved toward closed position, andwhen the motor is reversed and the shaft 5| is rotated in acounter-clockwise direction, the runner blades will be moved toward openposition.

For the purpose of controlling the operation of the electric motor 45,an electrical system is utilized which comprises a self-synchronousmotor 1| operativeiy connected to the electric motor 45 and aself-synchronous motor 12 operatively connected with the governor 2|.The motors 1| and 12 are electrically connected in a manner to behereinafter described so that operation of one of said motors effectsoperation of the other motor.

The self-synchronous motors 1I and 12 are similar in construction, eachhaving a singlephase field winding and a polycircuit armature winding,one of these windings being on the stator and the other winding on therotor of the respective motors. The field windings are excited from asuitable source of single-phase alternating current and thereby set upfields which interlink with their respective armature windings. The likepoints of the polycircuit armature windings are electrically connectedso that a change in the angular position of the rotor of one device willset up unbalanced voltages in the armature windings, in consequence ofwhich a torque is developed which acts to bring the rotors of thedifferent motors into the same or corresponding angular positions.

According to the present invention the selfsynchronous motor 12constitutes the transmitting device and the self-synchronous motor 1Iconstitutes a receiving device.

As shown in Fig. 3, the motor II has a spur gear shaft 18 carrying agear 19 which is in meshing relationship with a gear 80 fixed to theshaft 52 of the motor 45. In this way the motors II and 45 areoperativeiy connected for a purpose to be hereinafter more fullydescribed.

The casing 40 carries a plurality of collector rings 8I, 82, 88, 84, 85,86, 81 and 88. Thes collector rings are preferably mounted on verticallydisposed bars 89 which are connected to the upper portion of the casing40, as shown in The collector rings 84, 85, 86, 81 and 88 are Iconnected to the self-synchronous motor II by conductors 94, 95, 96, 91and 98 respectively.

The conductors are preferably contained within insulated cables whichare passed through openings in the top of the casing 40 and extenddownwardly to the motors 45 and 1 I, respectively, as shown in Fig. 3.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 13, brushes IOI, I02, I03, I04, I05, I06, I01and I08 which are carried by a bracket I09 suspended from the generator26, engage, respectively, the collector rings 8|, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 81and 88.

For the purpose of controlling the motor 45, a magnetic switch device 18is utilized.

As shown diagrammatically in Figs. 13 and 14, the switch device 13comprises two sets of movable switch elements or blades 14 and 15, whichare adapted to be operated by magnets 16 and 11, respectively.

The magnet 16 is associated with the switch 14 comprising'the switchelements I28, I29 and I80.

The magnet 11 is associated with the switch 15 comprising the switchelements 202, 208 and 204.

The movable switch elements I28, I29 and I80 are adapted to engageelectrical contacts I I0, III and II 2, respectively.

The movable switch elements 202, 208 and 204 are adapted to engageelectrical contacts I I8, H4 and H5, respectively.

The construction of the switch device 13 is such that when the magnet 16is energized, the switch elements I28, I28 and I80 will besimultaneously operated to engage the contacts II 0, III and H2,respectively, and thereby close an electric circuit through whichelectric current is supplied to the motor 45 for operating said motor inone direction, and when the magnet 11 is energized, the switch elements202, 208 and 204 will be simultaneously operated to engage the contactsH8, H4 and H5, respectively, so that an electric circult will be closedthrough which electric current is supplied for operating the motor 45 inthe opposite direction.

As will be hereinafter more fully described, means are provided forcontrolling the electric circuits of the magnets 16 and 11 in such amanner that when current is supplied for energizing one magnet, theother magnet will remain deenergized.

The main power lineconductors I25, I26 and I21 are connected to thecontacts I I0, I II and H2 of switch 14, by conductors II6 and,I I9, IIIand I20 and H8 and I 2|, respectively.

The main power line conductors I25, I26and I21 are also connected to thecontacts I I8, I I4 and H of switch 15, by conductors H6 and I22, H1 andI28, and H8 and I24, respectively.

The main power line conductors I25, I26 and I21 supply three-phase,sixty-cycle electric current to the apparatus from a suitable source ofsupply.

The terminal of the switch element I28 is connected to the terminal I8Iof switch element 202 by a conductor I82, and terminal I8I is connectedto terminal I83 of the switch device 13, by a conductor I34.

The terminal of switch element I29 is connected to the terminal I36 ofswitch element 204 by a conductor I31, and terminal I86 is connected toterminal I88 of the switch device 18, by a conductor I89.

The terminal of switch element I80 is connected to the terminal I4I ofswitch element 208 by a conductor I42, and terminal I M is connected toterminal I48 of the switch device 18, by a conductor I44.

The brushes IOI, I02 and I08 are connected to the terminals I38, I48 andI88, respectively, by conductors I45, I46, and I41.

A pilot switch device I50 is provided for controlling the electriccircuits through which electric current is supplied for operating themagnets 16 and 11 of the reversing switch device 18.

As shown in Fig. 13, the pilot device I50 comprises two switch members I5| and I 52, which are operated, respectively, by relays I58 and I54.

The switch member I5I is adapted to engage contacts I55 and I56, and theswitch member I52 is adapted to engage contacts I51 and I58.

The contact I55 is connected to one terminal of the magnet 15, by aconductor I59, and the contact I58 is connected to one terminal of themagnet 11, by a conductor I60. The other terminals of the magnets 16 and11 are electrically connected to the pilot switch device I50 in a mannerto be hereinafter more fully described.

The shaft I6I of the self-synchronous motor or transmitter 12 carries anelectrical contact I 62, which contact is disposed between a pair ofelectrical contacts I68 and I 64. The arrangement of the parts is suchthat the contact I62 has a limited swinging movement between thecontacts I68 and I64, before the contact I62 engages either the contactI68 or the contact I64.

The movable contact I62 is connected to the brush I04 by conductor I65,terminal i68, conductor I61, terminal I68 and conductor I69.

1 The contact I63 is connected to one terminal of. the relay I53 of thepilot switch device I50 by conductor I18, terminal "I, and conductorI12.

Contact I63 is also connected to a terminal I93 of the magnetic'switchdevice 13 by conductor I94, incandescent lamp bulb I95, terminal I86,conductor I88, terminal I89, and conductor I90.

The terminal I93 is connected to the magnets 16 and 11 of the magneticswitch device 13, by fuse I9I and conductor I92.

The contact I64 is connected to one terminal of the relay I54 of thepilot switch device I50 by conductor I13.

The other terminals of the relays I53, I54- together with the contactsI56 and I51 are connected to a conductor I15 leading to a terminal I16.

' The terminals HI and I16 are electrically connected to a time delayswitch device I14 oi switch device I96, the other element I83 of whichswitch device is adapted to engage a contact I84 electrically connectedto main power line conductor I26 by a conductor I85. The terminal ofswitch element I83 is connected to terminal I86 by a conductor I81.

The self-synchronous motor or transmitter 12 has a three-phase,delta-connected armature winding 205 and a field winding 206. Oneterminal of thefield winding 206 is connected to a conductor 208 and theother terminal of the field winding 206 is connected to a conductor 209.The conductor 208 is connected to a terminal 2I0, and the conductor 209is connected to terminal I66 heretofore referred to.

The terminal 2I0 is connected to the brush I05 by a conductor 2i I.

The different phase points of the armature winding 205 of thetransmitter 12 are interconnected to the like phase points of thethree-phase armature windings 2I3 of the-motor-1I, by conductors 2M, 2I5and M6. the brushes I06, I01 and I08, the collector rings 86, 81 and,and the conductors 96. 91 and 98. respectively.

The motor H has a field winding 2I1, one terminal of which is connectedto the conductor 94 from the collector ring 84,,and the other terminalof which is connected to the conductor 95 from the collector ring 85 sothat the field winding 2I1 is excited.

For the purpose of actuating the contact I62. the shaft I8 has fixedthereon a plate 22I formed with a. cam 222, as shown best in Figs. 8 and13.

Projecting from the shaft I6I of the motor 12 is an arm 223 having aroller 224 mounted thereon for engaging the cam 222. i

As shown in Figs. 1, 8 and 9 the transmitter motor 12 may be .mounted ona portion of the 4 housing of the governor 2i at a. point adjacent tothe shaft I8. This portion of the governor housing also serves asbearing means 225 for supporting the upper portion of the shaft I8.

Fastened to the, bearing 225 is a bracket 226 which supports a solenoiddevice 221.

The movable part 228 of the solenoid 221 is connected to a rod 229having an elongated slot 230 in its outer end.

The journal 23I of the roller 224 extends through the slot 230 so thatwhen the rod 229 is actuated by the solenoid 221 in a manner to behereinafter described, the arm" 223 will be actuated to turn the shaftI6I oi the transmitter motor 12.

When the solenoid 221 is deenergized the journal 23I will be disposed atthe inner end of the slot 230 and the roller will be in engagement withthe cam 222.

' 223 back against the cam 222 independently of any action of thesolenoid 221 or rod 229, there is provided a counterweight 233 which issuspended from a cable 234 connected-to one end of a coil spring 235which is in turn connected at its other end to the journal 23I. Thecable 234 may be passed over a grooved wheel 236 carried by a bracket231 secured to one end of the solenoid 221.

For energizing the solenoid 221 electric current is supplied from themain line conductors I25 and I26 when the switch device I96 is closedand the switch elements I80 and I83 engage the contacts I8I and I84,respectively. The solenoid electric circuit comprises, from theconductor I25, the line I82, I19, I91 and I98 to one terminal of thesolenoid-221, and from the conductor I26,

the line I85, I81, I88, I99, terminal 2I0, line 201,

switch device 200 and conductor 20I to the other terminal of thesolenoid 221.

The switch device 200 is operatively associated with the field switch232 of the generator 26 in such a manner that when the field switch 232is closed the solenoid switch device 200 will be in open position sothat solenoid 221 will be deenergized.

As is well known, field switches for electric generators control theelectric circuit from the exciter to the generator, and these switchdevices may be of the double pole type as shown -in Fig. 13, theoperating arm of which is connected to the switch 20I, When thegenerating apparatus is idle the field switch is open, and after theprime mover has been started up and attains its desired speed, the fieldswitch 232 is closed, thereby connecting the generator to develop poweron the power line.

In operation, the adjustable runner blades 30 are adapted to maintain adefinite relative position with respect to the wicket gates I2. When thewicket gates I2 are moved to vary their angle and the area of the wateropening to the runner, the runner blades 30 are adapted to becorrespondingly moved. However, the actuation of the runner blades toefiect a change in the position thereof to correspond with the newposition of the wicket gates follows closely the initial actuation ofthe wicketgate operating mechanism to effect the change in the positionof the wicket gates. Y

Assuming that the turbine is in operation and that the line switch I55andt'he generator field switch 252 are both'closed. when the'governor 2|operates to swing the wicket gates I 2 toward open or closed position tovary the gate opening to conform with variations in the load on theturbine, the arm 225, will, through the action of cam 222, turn therotor shaft I5I oi the transmitter 12, and move the contact I52 intoengagement with either of the contacts I55 and I54 according to thedirection in which the governor 2I operates, thereby closing theelectrical circuit through which either the relay I55 or the relay I54is energized.

For instance, when the governor 2I operates to move the wicket gatestoward open position. the cam plate 22I will be moved in the clockwisedirection, indicated by the arrow in Figs. 8 and 13, and consequentlythe movable contact I52 will be moved into engagement with the contactI55,

thereby closing the electrical circuit through which the relay I55 isenergized. 0n the other hand, when the governor 2i operates to move thewicket gates toward closed position, the cam plate 22I will be turned ina counter-clockwise direction, and consequently the movable contact I62will be moved into engagement with the contact I55, thereby closing theelectrical circuit through which the relay I55 is energized.

When the shaft I" is rotated and contact I52 engages with either contactI55 or contact I55, the shaft I5I may continue to rotate beyond thepoint at which the contact of the switch elements is made. Since thearmature winding or rotor 205 is fixed to the shaft I", obviously saidrotor will also be rotated.

When the relay I55 is energized, the switch member I52 is engaged withthe contacts I51 and I58, and the electrical circuit oi magnet 11 isclosed so that electric current is supplied for energizing the magnet 11from the main power line conductors I25 and I25.

With the energization of the magnet 11, the switch 15 will be operatedso that the switch blades 202, 205 and 205 engage the contacts 5, I I4and H5, respectively, and close the circuit from the main power lineconductors I25, I25 and I21 to the brushes I05, I02 and IM.respectively. The motor 55 will then rotate in a counter-clockwisedirection and its motion is transmitted through the speed reducer to thescrew 48. The screw 48, rotating in a counterclockwise direction atgreatly reduced speed within the threaded sleeve 51, will lower theoperating rod 55, and said rod will correspondingly lower the cross head55. The cross head 55, acting through the links and arms 55 willsimultaneously rotate the runnerblades 30 about .their trunnions as axestoward open position.

The motors 12 and 1| each have a single-phase, alternating current rotorwith definite poles.

These two motors are electrically connected together in the mannerheretofore described, forming one system and energizing the rotorscreates induced voltages oi unequal magnitude in the three legs of thefield windings or stators 205 and 2" respectively, with the voltagesvarying with the position of the rotors.

equal and opposite and there is no flow of electric current in eitherstator winding.

Movement 0! the transmitter rotor 205 from, its original positionunbalances the voltages at the three legs of the stators 205 and 2",creating a now of electric current in the stator winding. This electriccurrent sets up torque in both stators 205 and 2" and with the rotor 2"held in a definite position by the motor 55, the unbalanced torquecauses the rotor 205 to hold the contact I52 in engagement with thecontact I Since the motor 55 is operatively connected to the armaturewinding or rotor 2I5 oi the receiver motor 1|, by gears 15 and 50, therotor 2I5 will be rotated by the motor 55 when the motor 55 operates toeffect a change in the angle or position 01 the runner blades.

The rotation of the rotor 2I5 of the receiver motor H is transmitted tothe rotor 205 of the transmitter motor 12, under the influence oi thevoltages in the interlinked rotor windings tending to bring the rotorsinto angular agreement.

When the rotor 2 I5 has been rotated by motor 55 ton positioncorresponding to the position into which the rotor 205 01' thetransmitter 12 has been rotated by cam 222, the voltages in the fieldwindings 2| 1 and 205 are equal and opposite and the flow 01' electriccurrent in the stator winding ceases, with the result that contact I52is caused to move away from the contact I55 so that the electric circuitthrough which the magnet 11 is energized is opened and said magnetdeenergized.

. when the magnet I1 is deenergized the switch 15 will be moved to openposition, thereby opening the electric circuit through which electriccurrent from the main power line conductors I25, I25 and I21 is suppliedto the motor 55 for operating said motor. with the cessation in 0 otheruntil the wicket gates I2 are again operated, whereupon a runner bladeadjusting operation similar to that Just described will. again takeplace to automatically move the runner blades into proper position withrespect to the position assumed by the wicket gates I2.

On the other hand, when the governor 2| operates to move the wicketgates toward closed position, the earn 222 will be moved in acounterclockwise direction, and consequently the movable contact I52will be moved into engagement with the contact I55, thereby closing theelectrical circuit through which the relay I55 is energized. I

When the relay I55 is energized, the switch member I5I is engaged withthe contacts I55 and I55, and the electrical circuit of magnet 15 isclosed so that the switch 15 will be operated by said magnet and therebyclose the circuit from the main power line conductors I25, I25 and I21to the motor 55. The motor 55 will then rotate in a clockwise directionwith the result that the runner blades will be rotated towards closedposition.

when the rotor 2I5 oi the receiver H has been rotated in the mannerhereinbei'ore described to a position corresponding to the position intowhich the rotor 205 of the transmitter 12 was rotated by earn 222, themotors 12 and II will be synchronized, with the result that contact I52is caused to move away from the contact I 55 so and I21 is supplied tothe motor 45. with the cessation of operation of the motor 45 the runnerblades will have been brought to a position corresponding to theposition of the wicket gates I2.

It has been described that there is an electric lamp bulb I95 in theelectric circuit between the transmitter switch device and the magnetswitch device 13. Another electric lamp bulb 220 is mounted in thecircuit from the contact I64, conductors 2I9, 2I8, I11 and I to relayI54. The purpose of the lamps I35 and 220 is to indicate to an attendantat the hydro-electric power station when the wicket gates I2 and therunner blades are synchronized. When the.

lamps I95 and 220 are not illuminated, it is an indication that therunner blades are synchronized with respect to the wicket gates. due tothe fact that the motors H and 12 are correspondingly positioned. Shouldthe runner blades, through some fault in the mechanism, fail to respondto a change in wicket gate movement, one or the other control circuitswould remain alive, thereby causing a flow of electric current throughone of the lamps. The exact position of the runner blades can then benoted by observing the position of the indicator 63 and thedefect in thecontrol system repaired.

In the above description of the operation of the apparatus it wasassumed that the turbine was in operation and the manner by which therunner blades are maintained synchronized with the wicket gates was setforth.

When a unit is idle the wicket gates I2 and the runner blades 30 are inclosed position, and it is necessary to first manually operate controlsto put the turbine in operation, before the unit functions automaticallyin the manner heretofore described.

In starting up an idle unit embodying the present invention, the firstoperation is to close the switch device I96 so that the magnetic controlcircuit will be energized from the power line conductors I25 and I26.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 13, when the apparatus is idle, the generatorfield switch 232 is open and the switch- 206 of the electric circuit ofthe solenoid device 221 is closed. Thus, when switch I96 is closedelectric current will energize the solenoid 221, thereby moving contactI52 into engagement with contact I64. Magnetic switch 15 will then beoperated to close the electric circuit through which electric current issupplied from the main power line conductors I25, I26 and I21 to motor45, in the manner heretofore described, so that the runner blades aremoved toward open position.

The movement of the runner blades toward open position, which iseffected in the manner just described at the beginning of the operationof starting up a unit, is independent of any movement in the governor 2|and its associated mechanism. In other words, the runner blades arefirst moved towards open position while the wicket gates are closed.

When the runner blades have thus been opened, an operator moves the wormgear 242 into meshing relationship with the worm gear 243 by operatingthe eccentric 24I (see Figs. 11 and 12). The hand wheel 33 is nextrotated manually to move the cross head 241 in the direction in whichthe wicket gates I2 are opened.

The opening of the wicket gates I2 admits water to the chamber 22thereby actuating the runner As the turbine attains speed, the governormechanism will function to control the operation of the cross head 241and consequently the movements of the actuating piston 243 of thegovernor will be transmitted to the wicket gates I2 and to thetransmitter 12. The operator then actuates the eccentric 24! so as todisengage the worm gear 242 from the worm 243, thereby uncoupling thehand wheel 39. The generator field switch 232 is then closed, and thisaction automatically opens the switch 200 of the electric circuit ofsolenoid 221, so that the solenoid is deenergized.

When the solenoid 221 is deenergized the roller 224 is pulled intocontact with cam 222 by the counterweight 233. With the roller 224engaging the cam 22 the transmitter 12 will function in the mannerheretofore described so as to maintain the runner blades in definiterelationship with the wicket gates.

In some cases it is desirable to provide a turbine with a manuallyoperable control. In such cases the transmitter 212 is usually mountedon a control panel or switchboard in the power house. A form-of manualcontrol embodying the present invention is shown in Fig. 15. The shaft26I oi the transmitter 212 carries an operating knob 252 by which saidtransmltter'can be manually operated to close the electric circuits tothe magnetic switch device 13. In a manual control system the same typesof control and switch devices may be used as has been heretoforedescribed, only the transmitter is not operatively connected with agovernor to be operated thereby. Therefore, in Fig. 15 the partscorresponding to the same parts shown in Fig. 13 are given correspondingreference numerals.

Under manual operation, an operator moves the transmitter to theposition at which it is desired that the turbine operate, such as halfgate opening, three-quarter gate opening, etc. The receiver motor 16will then function in the manner heretofore described to maintain theangular position of the runer blades synchronized with the position atwhich the transmitter 212 is set.

A manually controlled system is advantageous for use in hydro-electricpower plants where units deliver substantially uniform loads. Atintervals when changes in the load occur, the transmitter 212 of themanually controlled unit can be operated to effect a correspondingchange in the position of the runner blades.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim is:

1. In combination, a hydraulic machine having adjustable runner bladesand movable wicket gates adapted to operate in unison. a governor andsaid wicket gates in accordance with variations in load on the'runner,and means operable independently of the governor when the machine isbeing started up from an idle condition for initially setting the runnerblades at predetermined position without imparting any movement to thewicket gates.

3. In combination, a hydraulic machine having adjustable runner bladesand movable wicket gates adapted to operate in unison, a governor forcontrolling the operation of said runner blades and said wicket gates inaccordance with variations in load on the runner, means operableindependently of the governor when the machine is being started up froman idle condition for initially setting the runner blades at apredetermined position without imparting any movement to the wicketgates, and means for operating said wicket gates toward open positionafter the runner blades have been initially set to admit operating fluidto the runner for driving the runner.

4. In combination, a hydraulic machine having adjustable runner bladesand movable wicket gates adapted to operate in unison, an electric motorfor actuating the runner blade operating mechanism, electrical controlmeans for controlling the operation of said motor and comprising areceiver unit operatively connected to said motor and transmitter unit,a governor for controlling the operation of said runner blades and saidwicket gates in accordance with variations in load on the runner, meansoperatively connecting said transmitter unit with said governor, andmeans operable independently of the governor when the machine is beingstarted up from an idle condition for initially actuating said 86transmitter unit so as to set the runner blades at a predeterminedposition without imparting any movement to the wicket gates.

5. In combination, a hydraulic machine having adjustable runner bladesand movable wicket gates, a governor for controlling said wicket gatesin accordance with variations in load on the runner blades, saidgovernor having an automatically operable servo-motor for actuating saidwicket gates and said runner blades, means operatively connecting saidgovernor and said runner blades for maintaining said runner bladescorrespondingly positioned with respect to said wicket gates and adaptedto change the position of the runner blades when said wicket gates aremoved by said governor, means operable hidependently of the governor forsetting the runner blades at a predetermined position without impartingany movement to the wicket gates when said wicket gates and runnerblades are in closed position and the machine is being started up froman idle condition, and manually operable mechanism adapted to beactuated independently of said governor servo-motor for setting saidwicket gates at a position corresponding to the position at which therunner blades have been initially set.

6. In combination, a hydraulic machine hav- ,ing adjustable runnerblades and movable wicket gates adapted to operate in unison, mechanismfor operating the runner blades and comprising an electric motor andelectric means for controlling the operation thereof, a governor for controlling the operation of said runner blades and said wicket gates inaccordance with variations in load on the runner and having directmechanical connection with said wicket gates and electrical meanscontrolled thereby connected to said runner blade motor controllingelectrical means, and electrical means operable independ- 7 ently of thegovernor for controlling the operation of said runner blade motorcontrolling means so that the runner blades can be set at apredetermined position independent of any movement being imparted tosaid wicket gates.

7. In combination, a hydraulic machine having adjustable runner bladesand movable wicket gates adapted to operate in unison, mechanism foroperating the runner blades and comprising an electric motor andelectric means for controlling the operation thereof, a governor forautomatically controlling the operation of said runner blades and saidwicket gates in accordance with variations in load on the runner andhaving direct mechanical connection with said wicket gates andelectrical connection with said runner blade operating mechanism,electrical means operable independently of the governor for controllingthe operation of the runner blade motor controlling means so that therunner blades can be set at a predetermined position independent of anymovement being imparted to said wicket gates, and means for manuallymoving the wicket gates so that the wicket gates can be set at aposition corresponding to the position of the runner blades, said lastnamed means being adapted to be uncoupled from the wicket gate operatingmechanism when the position of the wicket gates corresponds to theposition of the runner blades so as to permit automatic op eration ofthe governor.

8. In combination, a hydraulic machine having adjustable runner bladesand movable wicket gates adapted to operate in unison, a governor forcontrolling the positions of said wicket gates in accordance withvariations in load on the runner, said runner having a shaft containingoperating mechanism for the runner blades and an electric motor foroperating said mechanism, a pair of synchronous motor devices havingrotatable rotors electrically connected together whereby movement of therotor of one device effects a corresponding movement to the rotor of theother device, one of said motor devices being operatively connected tosaid runner blade motor and the other motor device being operativelyconnected to said governor and being operated by said governor wherebymovements of the governor to efiect changes in the positions of thewicket gates is transmitted by said governor motor device to said runnermotor device so as to effect corresponding changes in the positions ofthe runner blades.

9. In combination, a runner shaft, adjustable runner blades carried bysaid shaft, means for moving said runner blades and including anelectric motor in said runner shaft, control'means for said motorcomprising two self-synchronous electric motor devices one of which isoperatively connected to said runner blade motor and the other motordevice being disposed remotely with respect to the runner shaft andbeing electrically connected to the first motor device whereby operationof said motor devices is synchronized, and means initially operatingsaid second motor device for controlling the operation of all of saidmotors.

10. In a hydraulic turbine, a rotating shaft, runner blades carriedthereby and adjustable upon their axes, an electric motor carried by theshaft, operative connections between said motor and said blades forturning the blades upon their axes, two self synchronous electric motordevices one of which is carried by the runner shaft and has its rotoroperatively connected to the rotor shaft of said runner blade motor andthe other stator, respectively, of said ilrstmotor device wherebymovement of the rotor of one of said motor devices is effective incausing a corresponding movement to the rotor of the other said motordevice, electric switch means operatively connected to the rotor of thesecond motor device, electric circuits controlling the operation of saidrunner shaft motor, said electric circuits being controlled by theelectric switch means of the second motor device, and means forcontrolling the operation of said second motor device.

11. In combinatioma hydraulic machine having adjustable runner bladesand movable wicket gates adapted to operate in unison, a governor forcontrolling the operation of said runner blades and said wicket gates inaccordance with variations in load on the runner, the runner having ashaft containing operating mechanism for the runner blades and anelectric motor for operating said mechanism, two self-synchronouselectric motor devices one of which is carried by the runner shaft andhas its rotor operatively connected to the rotor shaft of said runnerblade motor and the other motor device being remotely disposed withrespect to said runner shaft and having its rotor and its statorelectrically connected to the rotor and stator, respectively, of saidfirst motor device whereby movement of the rotor of one of said motordevices is effective in causing a corresponding movement to the rotor ofthe other said motor device, electric switch means operatively connectedto the rotor of the, second motor device, electric circuits controllingthe operation of said runner shaft motor, said electric circuits beingcontrolled by the electric switch means of the second motor device, andmeans for controlling the operation of said second motor device.

12. In a hydraulic turbine, a runner having blades movable intodifferent angular positions, gates movable into different angularpositions and controlling the fiow of the driving fluid to theturbine, agovernor for adjusting the angular positions of the gates, mechanismforadjusting the runner blades, said mechanism being operable inopposite directions, an electric motor for operating said runner bladeadjusting mechanism, magnetic switches for controlling the motor, one ofsaid switches being operative to control the operation of the motor inone direction and the other said switch being operative .to control theoperation of the motor in the opposite direction, an electricallyoperated pilot switch device having means for selectively controllingeach of said magnetic switches, a pair of synchronous motor deviceshaving rotors electrically connected together whereby movement of therotor of one device eifects a corresponding movement to the rotor of theother device, one of said motor devices being operatively connected tosaid runner blade operating motor and the other motor device beingoperatively connected to said governor, and electricalswitch meansoperatively connected to the rotor of said second named motor device forcontrolling the operation of said pilot switch devlce.

13. In a hydraulic turbine, a runner having blades movable intodifierent angular positions, gates movable into different angularpositions and controlling the flow of the driving fluid to the turbine,a governor for adjusting the angular positions of the gates, mechanismfor adjusting the runner blades, said mechanism being operable inopposite directions, an electric motor for operating said runner bladeadjusting mechanism, magnetic switches for controlling the motor, one ofsaid switches being operative to control the operationof the motor inone direction' and the other said switch being operative to control theoperation of the motor in the opposite direction, an electricallyoperated pilot switch device having means for selectively controllingeach of said magnetic switches, a pair of synchronous motorv deviceshaving rotors electrically connected together whereby movement of therotor of one device effects a corresponding movement to the rotor of theother device, one of said motor devices being operatively connected tosaid runner blade operating motor and the other motor device beingoperatively connected to said governor, electrical switch meansoperatively connected to the rotor of said second named motor device forcontrolling the operation of said pilot switch, and means operableindependently of the governor for actuating said last named electricalswitch means whereby the runner blades can be moved without impartingany movement to said gates.

- 14. In a hydraulic turbine, a runner having blades movable intodifferent angular positions, gates movable into different angularpositions and controlling the flow of the driving fluid to the turbine,a governor. for adjusting the angular positions of the gates, mechanismfor adjusting the runner blades, said mechanism being operable inopposite directions, an electric motor for operating said runner bladeadjusting mechanism, magnetic switches for controlling the motor, one ofsaid switches being operative to control the operation of the motor inone direction and the other said switch being operative to control theoperation of themotor in the opposite direction,

an electrically operated pilot switch device having means forselectively controlling each of said magnetic switches, a pair ofsynchronous motor devices having their stators and rotors, respectively,electrically connected whereby movement of the rotor of one deviceefl'ects a corresponding movement to the rotor of the other device, oneof said motor devices being operatively connected to said runner bladeoperating motor andthe other motor device being operatively connected tosaid governor, electrical switch means operatively connected to therotor of said second named motor device for controlling the operationof' said pilot switch, a cam operatively connected with said governor,an arm extending from the rotor of said second named motor device andcarrying a roller adapted to engage said cam whereby movement of the camis eifective to operate the electrical switch means of the second motorde- -vice, a rod having slotted connection with the arm for operatingsaid arm independently of the cam, a solenoid for operating said rod,and means for controlling the operation of said solenoid.

15. In a hydraulic turbine having adjustable runner blades, a shaftrotatable by the runner,

a housing attached to said shaft, a blade operating rod extendingcoaxially of said shaft, an electric motor within said housing,electrical means including a reversible electrically operated switch forcontrolling the direction of rotation of said motor, a pair ofsynchronous motor devices having their rotors and stators, respectively,electrically connected whereby movement of the rotor of one deviceeffects a corresponding movement to the rotor of the other device, oneof said motor

